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Cholera

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             Cholera Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. There are many serogroups of V. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – cause outbreaks. Mode of Transmission • Through faecally contaminated water, food or drinks  • Direct person to-person contact, especially in overcrowded, low sanitation settings, also add to transmission of infection. Signs and Symptoms • Incubation period is from few hours to five days; commonly one-two days  • Typical cases are characterized by sudden onset of profuse, efortless, watery diarrhea followed by vomiting, increased thirst, rapid dehydration, muscular cramps and suppression of urine  • In non-outbreak situations, Cholera may present as simple gastroenteritis or as watery diarrhea  • In an endemic situation, there could be many mild or asymptomatic cases or carriers Complications • Dehydration...
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संतरा खाने के फायदे

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संतरा खाने के फायदे
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Anthrax

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              Anthrax Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by  gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax spores are found naturally in soil and infect both wild and domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, and deer. Mode of Transmission •Spread of disease in animals: Animals can get infected when they breathe in or ingest spores in contaminated soil, plants or water. • Spread of disease in humans: Person to person transmission is very rare. People normally get infected by anthrax bacillus by: * Inhaling spores * Eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with spores * Getting spores in the body through a cut or scrape in the skin Types of Anthrax • Cutaneous: Entry of anthrax spores into the skin through a cut or scrape, can lead to cutaneous anthrax. The incubation period for cutaneous anthrax is oneseven days. Skin infection begins as a painless, pruritic papule that resembles an...
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Acute Viral Hepatitis

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  Acute Viral Hepatitis  (Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E) Acute Viral Hepatitis is a systemic infection afecting the liver. Almost all cases of acute viral Hepatitis are caused by one of five viral agents: Hepatitis A (HAV), Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), the HBV-associated delta agent or Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) and Hepatitis E (HEV). All these human hepatitis viruses are RNA viruses, except for hepatitis B, which is a DNA virus but replicates like a retrovirus. While hepatitis A and E are often the cause for sporadic or outbreaks of hepatitis, hepatitis B and C can either clear spontaneously or can lead to chronic infection Mode of Transmission  Hepatitis A: HAV is a non-enveloped RNA virus belonging to the picornavirus family, with four genotypes belonging to one serotype. This agent is transmitted almost exclusively by the fecal-oral route. It is an outbreak prone disease with an incubation period of around four weeks. Person-to-person transmission of ...
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Reproductive System

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  Seminal vesicles Structure of seminal vesicles Seminal vesicles are the paired glands situated in lower abdomen on either side of Prostate gland behind urinary bladder.  Each seminal vesicle vesicle is a hollow sac of irregular shape and lined by complexly folded mucus membrane. The mucous membrane is formed by pseudostriated columnar epithelium. These epithelial cells are secretary in nature.  The secretion from seminal vesicles is called seminal fluid. Seminal fluid is added to semen via ampulla of vas deferens.  Properties and composition of seminal fluid Properties The seminal fluid is mucoid and viscous in nature. It is neutral or slightly alkaline in reaction. It adds to the bulk of semen as it forms 60% of total semen.  Composition The seminal vesicles secrete several important substances in figure.  Functions of seminal fluid 1. Nutrition to sperms The Fructose and other nutritive substances in seminal fluid are utilized by sperms after being ejac...
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Reproductive system

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  Male Reproductive System Introduction Reproductive system ensures the continuation of the species. The major difference between reproductive system and other system such as urinary system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, ect. Is that other systems function for the survival of the individual but the representative system ( Producing offspring  ) is not necessary for the survival for individual. Individual can live a long and healthy life without reproductive offspring. However,  continuous of generation depends only on reproductive system.  Four processes excute the function of the reproductive system :  Production of egg and sperm Transport and maintenance of egg and his son Nurturing of developing offspring Secretion of male and female sex hormone. The organs of the reproductive system are divided into two groups namely internal reproductive organs and external genital organs. Gonads are the main organs Which produce the gametes- sparm and egg or o...
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Syphilis

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  Syphilis It is classified sexually transmitted disease. It is a chronic systemic infection caused by Treponema pallidum. The incubation period is 2-4 weeks.  It runs a long course interspersed with stages of florid clinical features and long periods of latency. It may be congenital ( transmitted by the mother with early acquired syphilis to the foetus) or acquired during life by sexual contact.  High Risk Persons Men in age group of 28-35 years Women in age group of 16-25 years Travellers Sailors, sadhus, saints Prostitutes and homosexuals Army service personnel Entertainers Modes of Transmission Sexual contact including oral sex Nonsexual contact, e.g. violent kiss Transfusion of blood or its products Transplacental-- mother to foetus causing congenital syphilis Classification of syphilis Congenital syphilis Early  Late Acquired syphilis 1- Early  (a) Primary syphilis (b) secndary syphilis 2- Latent (WHO)  (a) Early ( less than 1 year)  (b) Late ( m...
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