Dr. Shamsheer Abbas

             Cholera Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. There are many serogroups of V. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – cause outbreaks. Mode of Transmission • Through faecally contaminated water, food or drinks  • Direct person to-person contact, especially in overcrowded, low sanitation settings, also add to transmission of infection. Signs and Symptoms • Incubation period is from few hours to five days; commonly one-two days  • Typical cases are characterized by sudden onset of profuse, efortless, watery diarrhea followed by vomiting, increased thirst, rapid dehydration, muscular cramps and suppression of urine  • In non-outbreak situations, Cholera may present as simple gastroenteritis or as watery diarrhea  • In an endemic situation, there could be many mild or asymptomatic cases or carriers Complications • Dehydration...

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              Anthrax Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by  gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax spores are found naturally in soil and infect both wild and domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, and deer. Mode of Transmission •Spread of disease in animals: Animals can get infected when they breathe in or ingest spores in contaminated soil, plants or water. • Spread of disease in humans: Person to person transmission is very rare. People normally get infected by anthrax bacillus by: * Inhaling spores * Eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with spores * Getting spores in the body through a cut or scrape in the skin Types of Anthrax • Cutaneous: Entry of anthrax spores into the skin through a cut or scrape, can lead to cutaneous anthrax. The incubation period for cutaneous anthrax is oneseven days. Skin infection begins as a painless, pruritic papule that resembles an...

  Acute Viral Hepatitis  (Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E) Acute Viral Hepatitis is a systemic infection afecting the liver. Almost all cases of acute viral Hepatitis are caused by one of five viral agents: Hepatitis A (HAV), Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), the HBV-associated delta agent or Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) and Hepatitis E (HEV). All these human hepatitis viruses are RNA viruses, except for hepatitis B, which is a DNA virus but replicates like a retrovirus. While hepatitis A and E are often the cause for sporadic or outbreaks of hepatitis, hepatitis B and C can either clear spontaneously or can lead to chronic infection Mode of Transmission  Hepatitis A: HAV is a non-enveloped RNA virus belonging to the picornavirus family, with four genotypes belonging to one serotype. This agent is transmitted almost exclusively by the fecal-oral route. It is an outbreak prone disease with an incubation period of around four weeks. Person-to-person transmission of ...

  Seminal vesicles Structure of seminal vesicles Seminal vesicles are the paired glands situated in lower abdomen on either side of Prostate gland behind urinary bladder.  Each seminal vesicle vesicle is a hollow sac of irregular shape and lined by complexly folded mucus membrane. The mucous membrane is formed by pseudostriated columnar epithelium. These epithelial cells are secretary in nature.  The secretion from seminal vesicles is called seminal fluid. Seminal fluid is added to semen via ampulla of vas deferens.  Properties and composition of seminal fluid Properties The seminal fluid is mucoid and viscous in nature. It is neutral or slightly alkaline in reaction. It adds to the bulk of semen as it forms 60% of total semen.  Composition The seminal vesicles secrete several important substances in figure.  Functions of seminal fluid 1. Nutrition to sperms The Fructose and other nutritive substances in seminal fluid are utilized by sperms after being ejac...

  Male Reproductive System Introduction Reproductive system ensures the continuation of the species. The major difference between reproductive system and other system such as urinary system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, ect. Is that other systems function for the survival of the individual but the representative system ( Producing offspring  ) is not necessary for the survival for individual. Individual can live a long and healthy life without reproductive offspring. However,  continuous of generation depends only on reproductive system.  Four processes excute the function of the reproductive system :  Production of egg and sperm Transport and maintenance of egg and his son Nurturing of developing offspring Secretion of male and female sex hormone. The organs of the reproductive system are divided into two groups namely internal reproductive organs and external genital organs. Gonads are the main organs Which produce the gametes- sparm and egg or o...

  Syphilis It is classified sexually transmitted disease. It is a chronic systemic infection caused by Treponema pallidum. The incubation period is 2-4 weeks.  It runs a long course interspersed with stages of florid clinical features and long periods of latency. It may be congenital ( transmitted by the mother with early acquired syphilis to the foetus) or acquired during life by sexual contact.  High Risk Persons Men in age group of 28-35 years Women in age group of 16-25 years Travellers Sailors, sadhus, saints Prostitutes and homosexuals Army service personnel Entertainers Modes of Transmission Sexual contact including oral sex Nonsexual contact, e.g. violent kiss Transfusion of blood or its products Transplacental-- mother to foetus causing congenital syphilis Classification of syphilis Congenital syphilis Early  Late Acquired syphilis 1- Early  (a) Primary syphilis (b) secndary syphilis 2- Latent (WHO)  (a) Early ( less than 1 year)  (b) Late ( m...

  Acute Pharyngitis / Tonsillitis This is usually a viral infection of throat by adenovirus group but one-third patients may have bacterial infection by haemolytic streptococci.  Viral pharyngitis occurs in epidemic forms in which sore throat is common, characterised by acute tonsillitis ( tonsils are  enlarged, inflammed and red ) and inflammation of oropharynx and palate.  Within a few days, the tonsillar lymph nodes enlarge and produce swellings in the neck.  Occasionally, epidemics of viral pharyngitis (adenovirus serotypes) may occur in schools in summer months characterised by fever, sore throat, conjunctivitis and lymphadenitis.  It is a self-limiting illness and requires only symptomatic treatment.  Bacterial sore throat may produce fever in which tonsils are enlarged and contain necrotic foci which, if not treated with antibiotics, may led to quinsy ( abscess formation ). The treatment of choice include amoxicillin or cefaclor or erythromycin....

  Rhinitis It is characterised by attacks of sneezing, running nose and nasal blockade on most of the days. Attacks may occur during limited period of the year ( seasonal rhinitis) or throughout the year ( perennial rhinitis) .  Seasonal rhinitis ( Hay fever)  It is common cause of allergic disorder and worldwide in distribution. Prevalence is common in young age. Watery nasal discharg, sneezing and nasal irritation are troublesome symptoms. Attacks are common during pollination of plants the give rise to high pollen counts which act as precipitant allergens. Since pollination differs from country to country, hence, attacks occur during different periods in different countries.  Perennial rhinitis Rhinitis occurs throughout the year, most of the time. It is characterised by sneezing, running nose and nasal blockade. These patients may have anosmia ( loss of smell) and loss of taste. Sinusitic and nasal polyps are common.  It is prevalent in २nd and 3rd decades...

  Dyspepsia It is a term loosely applied to all upper gastrointestinal system. The symptoms included under dyspepsia are :- Vague upper abdominal pain related to food.  Heart burn or gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms.  Anorexia, nausea, vomiting.  Flatulence and aerophagy.  Abdominal distension or bloating.  Common causes of dyspepsia  Organic :- Gastro-oesophageal reflex disease.  Crohn's disease Cardiac failure ( congestive gastopathy)  Renal failure Hepatic failure Diseases of gall bladder and pancreas Drug induced Alcohol Pregnancy Functional and psychiatric disorders Anxiety neurosis Depression Non ulcer dyspepsia Irritable bowel syndrome The dyspeptic symptoms commonly ecountered in clinical practice have been found to be of psychiatric basis rather than organic cause.  Flatulent dyspepsia is a term used for symptoms of flatulence, bloating and belching with or without abdominal pain. 

  Sinusitis It is an infection of paranasal sinuses caused by bacteria ( streptococci H. Influenzae ) or virus or fungus. It is commonly associated with an upper respiratory infection and severe asthma ( nasobronchial allergy).  Symptoms include frontal headache, running nose, sneezing, fever and facial pain. There is tenderness over the sinuses. The headache of sinusitis may be confused with migraine and trigeminal neuralgia.  Treatment for bacterial sinusitis is done by broad spectrum antibiotics ( eg. Amoxiclav, amoxicillin), nasal decongestant ( eg. Xylometazoline), anti-inflammatory nasal spray ( fluticasone propionate) to reduce mucosal swelling. 

Acute coryzae It is an infective disorder caused by picorna group of rhinoviruses.  It is highly infectious and produces mild illness.  It is transmitted from patient to healthy person by close personal contact and by droplet.  Overcrowding and poor sanitation facilitate the spread.  The incubation period is 12 hours to 5 days.  The symptoms and signs include fever, malaise, running nose, tiredness and sore throat. There is frequent sneezing.  The watery nasal discharge eventually becomes thick and mucopurulent and persists for a week. It is self-limiting, needs only antipyretic and antihistaminics for symptomatic relief.   

मधुमेह और आपका दिल   डायबिटीज एक ऐसी स्थिति है जिसका पता चलते ही इसका इलाज किया जाना चाहिए, भले ही इसके शुरुआती चरण में यह चोट न पहुंचाए, या असुविधा का कारण न बने, या कोई चिंताजनक लक्षण न पैदा करे। लेकिन इसे नजरअंदाज करना एक गलती है, क्योंकि रक्त शर्करा असंतुलन जिसे हम मधुमेह रोगियों के साथ रहते हैं, विभिन्न प्रकार की जटिलताओं का कारण बन सकते हैं, यहां तक कि अन्य गंभीर स्वास्थ्य स्थितियों के लिए भी।

  तीस साल पहले, एक जर्मन डॉक्टर , डॉ. हंस नीपर ने उन समस्याओं का सामना किया था जो आज भी मुख्यधारा की दवा से अनसुलझे हैं, प्रकृति को एक ऐसा तरीका ढूंढना है जो किसी भी प्रकार की सूजन से निपटेगा। Hypertention सूजन शरीर में कहीं भी है जो नहीं होना चाहिए। कोई भी "निर्जीव तिस्सो "। और काफी सरल रूप से, यह सिर्फ कुछ भी है जो दर्द का कारण बनता है। ब्लॉकेज, जैसे कि बलगम से सिर या छाती में, जैसे कि स्टरस, साइनस या ब्रोन्कियल समस्याएं, अस्थमा, वातस्फीति, या एस्बेस्टोसिस सहित औद्योगिक रूप से प्रेरित समस्याएं। रक्त के थक्के, प्रोस्टेट की समस्याएं, गठिया, अल्सर और अन्य समस्याओं का एक द्रव्यमान जो आपके डॉक्टर आपको बताएंगे कि आपकी मदद नहीं की जा सकती है, ये सभी सूजन के कारण हैं। सेरापेप्टेस वह एंजाइम है जो रेशम के कीड़ों द्वारा अपने कोकून को भंग करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। डॉ। नीपर ने महसूस किया कि अगर रेशम का कीड़ा, जब यह कीड़ा में बदल जाता है, और ऐसा बहुत ही कम समय में होता है, तो ऐसा कुछ होना चाहिए जो "गैर-जीवित ऊतक" को भंग कर दे, क्योंकि कोकून मृत की एक कठिन संरचना है। ऊतक। ...

Protozoal Infection Malaria Definition A parasitic infection in humans caused by plasmodium falciparum, p. Vivax, p. Oval and p. Malariae is called   Malaria . It is transmitted by bite of anapheles mosquito, which acts as a vector. The vector also acts as a reservoir of infection. The attack of malarial fever corresponds with the rupture of RBCs and release of merozoites in blood. The four species are indistinguishable from each other on examination of peripheral blood which is an important diagnostic tool. Epidemiology Mararia is endemic or sporadic throughout the tropics and subtropics. One hundred million people are attacked annually, of whom 1% die, mainly children. Woth effective WHO sponsored campaogns of prevention and comyrol, the invidence of malaria fell remarkably in 1950-60, but since 1970, there has been a resurgence of malaria. In 1980s, P. Falciparum became resistance to chloroquine over successive years in some areas especially in ea...

GIARDIASIS Giardia lambia is an intestinal flagellate, produce small intestinal disease that varies from asymptomatic stage to diarrhoea and malabsorption. It is an important cause of traveller's diarrhoea, usually occurs on return from travel. Life cycle The infection is transmitted by ingestion of viable cysts of the parasite in food or water. Cysts are transported to yhe mouth by fingers as a result of contact with faeces. Clinical features Incubation period is 1-3 weeks. After incubation period, patient presents with diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weakness, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. On examination, there is abdominal distension and tenderness. If the illness is prolonged, weight loss may occur. Chronic giardiasis can result in growth retardation in children. Diagnosis Stools obtained at 2-3 days intetvals should be examined for cysts and trophozoites. Negative stool examination does not rule out the diagnosis since the parasite may be ex...

Infection Protozoal Infection          Lyfe cycle of Entamoeba histolytica A disease caused by Entamoeba Histolytica is called amoebiasis. Type of Amoebiasis  Amoebiasis is two types 1-Intestinal Amoebiasis 2-Extraintestinal Amoebiasis Intestinal Amoebiasis Involvement of large gut by E. histolytica is called intestinal amoebiasis. Any part of colon may be involved but ileocaecal region and sigmoidorectal region are commonly involved. Transmission Transmission occurs via the faecal–oral route, either directly by person-to-person contact or indirectly by eating or drinking faecally contaminated food or water. clinical features It varies from asymptomatic cyst passer to acute amoebic dysentery. The incubation period varies from week to months or years. Acute amoebic dysentery manifests with fever, nausea, vomiting, pain in abdomen with 2-4 loose stools a day mixed with blood and mucus in...

Diseases due to infections Infection is caused by living microbes can involve any organ or system of body. Infections diseases are the commonest afflictions of human and are major source of morbidity in both developed and developing countries. The most important aspects of infection include: easy identifiability, sensitivity to antibiotics, communicability, transmission to other people leading to an epidemic and many infections are preventable either by hygienic measeres or by vaccines or by judicious use of drugs. Types of infection  Bacterial infection Protozoal infection Viral infection Spirochaetal infection Rickettsial infection Nematode (helminthic) infection Cestode infection Trematode ( fluke ) infection  Systemic fungal infecton 1- Bacterial Infectio Infection by gram-positive cocci e.g. staphylococcal, streptococcal Infrction by gram-negative cocci e.g. meningococcal, gonococcal Infection by Gram-positive bacilli e.g. corynrbacterium...